Koch Snowflake

The Koch snowflake is a fractal curve, also known as the Koch island, which was first described by Helge von Koch in 1904. It is built by starting with an equilateral triangle, removing the inner third of each side, building another equilateral triangle at the location where the side was removed, and then repeating the process indefinitely. The Koch snowflake can be simply encoded as a Lindenmayer system with initial string "F--F--F", string rewriting rule "F" -> "F+F--F+F", and angle 60 degrees. The zeroth through third iterations of the construction are shown above.

KochSnowflake

Each fractalized side of the triangle is sometimes known as a Koch curve.

KochSnowflakeMotif

The fractal can also be constructed using a base curve and motif, illustrated above.

The nth iterations of the Koch snowflake is implemented in the Wolfram Language as KochCurve[n].

Let N_n be the number of sides, L_n be the length of a single side, l_n be the length of the perimeter, and A_n the snowflake's area after the nth iteration. Further, denote the area of the initial n=0 triangle Delta, and the length of an initial n=0 side 1. Then

N_n = 3·4^n  
L_n = (1/3)^n  
l_n = N_nL_n  
= 3(4/3)^n  
A_n = A_(n-1)+1/4N_nL_n^2Delta  
= A_(n-1)+1/3(4/9)^(n-1)Delta.  

Solving the recurrence equation with A_0=Delta gives

 A_n=1/5[8-3(4/9)^n]Delta,

 

so as n->infty,

 A_infty=8/5Delta.

 

The capacity dimension is then

d_(cap) = -lim_(n->infty)(lnN_n)/(lnL_n)  
= log_34  
= (2ln2)/(ln3)  
= 1.261859507...  

(OEIS A100831; Mandelbrot 1983, p. 43).

KochSnowflakeTilings

Some beautiful tilings, a few examples of which are illustrated above, can be made with iterations toward Koch snowflakes.

KochSnowflakeTiling

In addition, two sizes of Koch snowflakes in area ratio 1:3 tile the plane, as shown above.

KochFrillFlake3

Another beautiful modification of the Koch snowflake involves inscribing the constituent triangles with filled-in triangles, possibly rotated at some angle. Some sample results are illustrated above for 3 and 4 iterations.

Source

Photo: https://www.ufotki.ru

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